Alphabet City : la scène artistique New-Yorkaise radicale et underground des années 70/80
Avenue A, you’re Alright
Avenue B, you’re Brave
Avenue C, you’re Crazy
Avenue D, you’re Dead
À la fin des années 70, New York est une ville déprimée, au bord de la faillite et presque entièrement aux mains de gangs criminels. Dans le sud de la ville, et plus particulièrement au sud de la 14e rue et à l’est de Greenwich Village, le quartier de East Village attire de nombreux artistes cherchant des logements à bas prix.
C’est dans ce renouveau culturel que les communautés de la ville se rencontrent, et que le Hip-Hop, le monde de l’art et l’univers rock et punk se croisent. Cet environnement exceptionnel verra une scène artistique singulière où se mêle un monde aux contours infinis. Au milieu des années 1980, le New York Times déclarait :
« l’East Village était le quartier le plus intéressant et, peut-être, le plus excitant de la ville la plus intéressante et la plus excitante du monde. Il est devenu un quartier reconnu à l’échelle nationale et internationale pour ses idées et tendances en matière de contre-culture, en tant que centre de la culture punk rock de la côte Est et du mouvement New Wave. Cela incluait l’émergence de galeries d’art et de diverses salles de concert, en tant que destinations légendaires et de renommée mondiale ».
En 1981, à New York, la scène artistique contemporaine était en plein essor, avec SoHo comme épicentre. Des marchands comme Leo Castelli, Ileana Sonnabend et Mary Boone ont défendu des artistes comme David Salle et Julian Schnabel, que les critiques ont qualifié de néo-expressionnistes, et dont le style séduisait un marché de l’art en pleine expansion, prêt à payer de grosses sommes d’argent pour de jeunes peintres. Mais à quelques pâtés de maisons de là – dans l’East Village – une communauté de galerie plus petite mais non moins importante émergeait également, une sorte de satellite conceptuel en orbite autour du monde de l’art. Un quartier où vie sociale et vie artistique se mélangeaient fournissant alors de nouvelles formes d’expression.
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Dans les années 1980, des personnalités de tous les horizons, notamment des artistes, affluaient à New York pour y faire carrière. En raison principalement de la faiblesse des loyers et d’un parc immobilier composé d’immeubles bon marché et délabrés, l’East Village a vu de nombreux jeunes s’y installer à la recherche de nouvelles expériences et d’un lieu d’accueil où vivre avec plus de liberté. Dans l’East Village, ces artistes, écrivains, musiciens, etc. ont trouvé un refuge sûr, un lieu qui leur a permis de se rassembler et de travailler dans une communauté d’esprit. C’était presque un village avec une vie de quartier très intense, où les artistes se retrouvaient dans les vernissages, se rendaient visite dans leurs studios, échangeaient sur leurs projets et occupaient des endroits alternatifs.
Un courant d’avant garde new-yorkais – qui tournait le dos aux grands lignes traditionnelles de l’avant-garde – était en train d’éclore : la scène de l’East-village qui, avec ses galeries et ses célébrités locales, imitait le marché de l’art de Soho. Les artistes d’East Village nourrissaient l’espoir d’être découverts, de pouvoir vendre leurs oeuvres.
« L’East Village regorge d’artistes. En fait, tous les premiers galeristes étaient également des artistes. Nous avons assisté aux vernissages des uns et des autres et envoyé des conservateurs et des collectionneurs aux expositions des uns et des autres. Carlo McCormick et Walter Robinson ont tout couvert dans l’ East Village Eye de Leonard Abrams . Nous avons voyagé en masse aux foires d’art et aux expositions hors de la ville. Lorsque la Fun Gallery a fermé ses portes en 1987, quelqu’un a peint à la bombe «The Fun Is Gone» à l’extérieur de leur immeuble. Cela dit tout » Gracie Mansion
Rich Colicchio (51X Gallery qui a exposé Dondi White) ajoute : « Nous voulons créer un système de galerie alternatif à 57th Street et SoHo, avec une attitude différente ».
Lorsque Patti Astor ouvrit la première galerie d’art du quartier, East Village était en passe de devenir le « nouveau SoHo ». Nous sommes en 1981. Amie des rappeurs underground, des punk rockers, des graffeurs et des cinéastes les plus en vogue de la ville, elle choisit avec son associé Bill Stelling, un immeuble d’habitation délabré de l’East Village comme site de son nouvel espace d’exposition expérimentale. Son nom : la FUN Gallery. On a pu y découvrir des artistes issus du graffiti (Lady Pink, et Futura 2000) et les premières expositions de Jean-Michel Basquiat et de Keith Haring.
Des galeries apparaissaient chaque semaine. En quelques années, le quartier fut l’épicentre de mouvements esthétiques différents, allant du néo-expressionnisme et ses alternatives (Néo-Géo, Néo-Conceptualisme, Commodity Art) au Post-Graffiti; du Punk au no wave et au hip-hop, en passant par la poésie et l’écriture.
Un quartier où les rencontres les plus improbables se sont faites, où la scène de l’East Village a introduit un panthéon de grands noms : Jean-Michel Basquiat, Keith Haring, Dondi White, Futura 2000, Jenny Holzer, Peter Hujar, Jeff Koons , David Wojnarowich, Patti Smith , Blondie , Madonna…
Ainsi, l’East Village des années 1980 a été un moment et un lieu singulier, peut-être unique en son genre. Une union d’art et de rébellion créative. Il n’a peut-être jamais été égalé et ne le sera jamais. Le renouvellement urbanistique et l’augmentation des prix des loyers ainsi que le SIDA ont fait disparaitre cette population unique et diverse, ainsi que les galeries et les salles de concerts à la fin des années 1980.
De cette époque, il reste aujourd’hui un énorme héritage. La culture née à New York entre la fin des année 70 et la fin des années 80 est présente partout. (Hip Hop, Pop; la Danse, l’art ou la mode). C’est cette époque qui a démocratisé les moyens d’expression, brisé les barrières, les tabous, osé la différence.
1981-1983
36 mois qui ont changé New-York by « The New-York Times Style Magazine »
JANUARY 30, 1981
Studio 54 owners Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager are released from prison after serving one year for tax evasion.
APRIL 1, 1981
Artist Robert Goldman organizes the “Absurdities” show at his Lower East Side art space, ABC No Rio.
APRIL 9, 1981
“Beyond Words,” a Keith Haring-organized show goes on view at the Mudd Club. Afrika Bambaataa D.J.s the opening party.
MAY 8, 1981
Sonic Youth play their first gig at Club 57, in the basement of a Polish church on St. Marks Place.
JUNE 22, 1981
Mark David Chapman pleads guilty to killing John Lennon.
JULY 3, 1981
The New York Times reports on Kaposi’s sarcoma, a rare cancer that has mysteriously surfaced in 41 gay men.
AUGUST 1, 1981
MTV goes on the air, playing “Video Killed the Radio Star” by the Buggles as its first song.
AUGUST 1, 1981
Fran Lebowitz’s sophomore collection of essays, “Social Studies,” is published, and the age of irony begins.
DECEMBER 20, 1981
“Dreamgirls,” the Michael Bennett-directed musical about an R&B group shooting for fame, opens on Broadway.
JANUARY 1, 1982
N.Y.C. turns the page on its most crime-ridden year to date, with 637,451 reported felonies in 1981.
SPRING 1982
Downtown figure Gracie Mansion opens her Loo Division gallery in the bathroom of her fifth-floor East Village walk-up.
APRIL 4, 1982
In response to the president’s threats to cut funding for the arts, PS1 puts on “The Ronald Reagan Show,” featuring work by artists such as Marilyn Minter and Frank Young.
MAY 1982
Colorful, punk-inspired designer Betsey Johnson heads uptown, opening her second shop on Columbus Avenue.
AUGUST 18, 1982
For the first time, more than 100 million shares are traded in a single day on the New York Stock Exchange.
SEPTEMBER 8, 1982
Azzedine Alaïa’s body-conscious leather looks arrive at Bergdorf Goodman.
OCTOBER 6, 1982
Madonna’s debut single, “Everybody,” is released by Sire Records.
WINTER 1982
Jay McInerney’s first story, “It’s Six A.M., Do You Know Where You Are?” appears in The Paris Review.
FEBRUARY 14, 1983
Trump Tower’s pink marble atrium opens at 721-725 Fifth Avenue.
MARCH 12, 1983
The Buckwheat assassination sketch airs on “Saturday Night Live,” killing off Eddie Murphy’s most popular recurring character.
APRIL 30, 1983
Legendary choreographer and New York City Ballet co-founder George Balanchine dies.
MAY 1983
Managed by Russell Simmons, Run-DMC of Hollis, Queens, release their first single, “It’s Like That,” with the B-side “Sucker M.C.’s.”
AUGUST 1983
An 18-year-old Brooke Shields appears on the cover of Andy Warhol’s Interview magazine.
SEPTEMBER 15, 1983
Graffiti artist Michael Stewart lapses into a coma after allegedly being beaten by New York City Transit police, who had arrested him for tagging a subway station. He dies 13 days later. The officers are acquitted in 1985.
FALL 1983
RuPaul performs at East Village gay and drag bar the Pyramid Club for the first time.
DECEMBER 31, 1983
N.Y.C. has seen 1,851 AIDS diagnoses and 857 deaths.
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TÉMOIGNAGES
Darryl McDaniels, musician and member of Run-DMC
I lived on the quiet end of Hollis, Queens. The whole neighborhood was a lower-middle class suburban area. Every parent, every grown-up was your mother and father. It was like a village, y’know? You couldn’t do nothing stupid or bad because your friend’s mother was your mother, too.
The first single we ever made [was in 1983]: “Sucker M.C.’s” was the B-side of “It’s Like That.” “It’s Like That” was a record that was talking about all of the things that was going on in communities, society and also the world. It’s basically the most conscious, relatable record. And then we said, “We gotta do the real hip-hop that we’re actually doing at the block parties and at the house parties and at the park parties.” So we decided to make it all beat — no music, just me and Run [Joseph Simmons, another founding member of Run-DMC] doing the real hardcore, just rhyming on this record. That was “Sucker M.C.’s.”
I was still living at home. I was just out of high school. I was preparing that summer to start my first semester at St. John’s University. We recorded at a studio called Greene Street Recording Studio on Greene Street between Houston and Prince. I will never forget the day, because I didn’t tell my mother and father that I was going to make a record. I just left the house on a Sunday, went to make the record. And I got in trouble because I didn’t get home until like 1 or 2 in the morning. When me and Run would go to each other’s houses and rap together, we would go into the attic. And when my mother asked me where I was at, I just said, “Oh, I was in the attic.”
Charlie Ahearn, filmmaker and artist
My fantasy was to rent one of these theaters on 42nd Street and show my movie alongside Mad Monkey Kung Fu. To me it was all an art project. [Wild Style] opened in 1983, [at the Embassy 3] on 47th Street and Broadway. I’d paid high school kids to go on Thursday afternoons after school and hand out fliers. Everyone was very excited. There were lines around the block — the theater starting bumping it up to a second and third screening. This scrappy 16mm movie that people weren’t sure if it was a story movie or a documentary, everybody looked at it and said, “I know that guy!” They weren’t public figures; they were locally known graffiti artists, break-dancers, hip-hop M.C.s or D.J.s.
I felt like I was having the best entertainment of my life, because people were going up and down the aisle, going, “Loose joints …” People were talking throughout the whole movie going, “Yo, shut up!” It was just like the kung fu movies — they were the same audience. The weekend that it happened, I got a call at 2 o’clock in the morning from the owner of the theater. He goes, “What the hell are you doing to my theater? Someone broke the front glass and stole the poster. They put their names all over the men’s room!” The theater had been trashed. I said, “I’m very happy for you, you’re selling a lot of tickets. Sorry. »
Ann Magnuson, actress and performance artist
My days changed depending on what show I was putting on, what sort of rehearsal schedule I had and how late I’d been up the night before, though I had a rule for myself: Always be back before sunrise. My primary motive back then was to put on a show, and anything that slowed me down from that had to be curtailed. By 1981, I was no longer the manager at [the East Village performance space] Club 57, but I still helped out and performed there a lot. The Ladies Auxiliary of the Lower East Side — sort of a punk rock version of my mother’s Junior League group, which I started with some other girls from the East Village — hosted several events at the club. We had a prom, a debutante ball, a ladies’ wrestling night. In 1981, I suggested a bacchanal — a night of pagan merriment as spring was coming. So in April we held the Rites of Spring Fertility Bacchanal. We made an altar to a llama, and everyone dressed in kind of Greco-Roman outfits — I wore a toga with sequins. Wendy Wild made magic mushroom punch. We also created a percussive orchestra that was all pots and pans and a lot of racket, and that was the debut of the band Pulsallama. It was really like a combination of living theater and installation art, very communal. That’s what happened at Club 57 a lot: We told people, “This is the theme. Come be a part of it.” The doors would open and things would get going by 10, and by midnight it would be raging. In the mornings, usually around 11 a.m., I’d go to one of the coffee shops around the corner on Avenue A. Odessa was one, and Leshko’s was the other. People divided themselves into camps based on which one they favored — I liked Odessa better, but I’d go to both. That’s where you’d run into people, share breakfast.
Dapper Dan, fashion designer
We used to have a TV with a VCR on at all times, playing MTV and the guys coming up. All the music [in the atelier on 125th Street] came from the VCR. People would bring me their videos to pop in. They’d say, “Yo, Dap, listen to that.” All the hip-hop artists came [to the atelier]; there wasn’t any other place that catered to rappers. Those who set the tone — you had to have an outfit from me. Rapping and fashion were being born at the same time. One time a girl — a teenager, maybe 15, 16 — came in with her dad. She had made a video of herself dancing to LL Cool J. Her father said, “Dap, my daughter, she’s driving me crazy. Could you just call LL so she could just say hi?” Everybody knew I knew all the rappers and everything. So I call LL up and I let her speak to him for a few minutes. And when she gave me the phone back, she went into [hysterics]. LL wasn’t used to this kind of attention. He said, “Dap, what’s she doing?” I said, “She’s gasping for air now!” And I go attend to her. And then he asked me again: “Dap, what’s she doing? What’s she doing now?” She was like [hyperventilating]. I never saw that before — and he’d never experienced that. It was before he was onstage and all that; he was just starting out.
Stephen Koch, writer
I was living at almost the exact point where the Village meets the East Village, in the Colonnade Row building, right across the street from the Public Theater. I had half of the third floor, which was sort of the high-ceilinged fancy room, though it had long, long since stopped being fancy. My contemporary, the writer Ed [Edmund] White, had the apartment next door. I could wake up in the middle of the night and hear his typewriter going.
I met Peter Hujar through Susan Sontag. We became sort of like brothers. I’m a child of the Midwestern upper-middle class. Peter was straight out of Damon Runyon and Weegee. We were both rather exotic in each other’s eyes. Peter lived on the absolute margins — he never had anything. I remember thinking, How long can this go on? Peter can’t keep going that way, not in the city that it’s becoming now. Peter was so self-possessed and dignified, I never, ever thought of him as poor, even though he had no money. He’d walk in and be perfectly comfortable with the Duke of Edinburgh.
I invited him to dinner. The conversation was very interesting. Peter had no small talk at all. Then it got to be a habit. He’d come around maybe at 7 o’clock. We’d eat. I would drink quite a lot of wine. He would maybe drink half a glass of wine. Having had an alcoholic mother, he did not like being around people who drank much. We would sit at this coffee table and listen to records for an hour. Silently. Or with only a few comments in between. That is something I have never done with anyone else. Patsy Cline. Mozart. One of his favorite pieces was the Alto Rhapsody of Brahms, sung by Dame Janet Baker. Sometimes I would read him the week’s work. He had two responses: “Pretty good,” was high, high praise. The other was he wouldn’t say anything, just [shrug] — that meant it was a failure.
Alanna Heiss, founder of PS1 and the Clocktower Gallery
One evening Kenny Scharf and his whole group — which included Jean-Michel Basquiat, and certainly Keith Haring — were hanging out at the artists’ studios at the Clocktower Gallery [in the former New York Life Insurance Company Building at Leonard Street and Broadway]. They had gotten the idea that it was a very good headquarters. It was on the 13th floor of an old city building, and you had to walk up a whole floor from the 12th, which was the last floor served by an elevator. Certainly at night, few people were there, and few were there on the weekends. So the artists would often have free rein, and would sometimes sneak up to the roof, especially for the Fourth of July and other events like that.
Then, I didn’t have the kind of formal board that one would today. It was chaired by Brendan Gill, a great theater critic and architecture writer. And we had Tina Chow, who had such unearthly beauty — she would come into a room and just drift. Then we had Woody Allen. The deal with him was he never had to come and he never had to give any money, but he would give his name and a recommendation. And then we had Robert Rauschenberg, a rascal and a great man.
One night, one horrible July Fourth, I invited the board members up to the roof, and I discovered 40 or 50 people at a party that I think Kenny had organized. They were all drunk and wasted and they were happy. And they were there illegally. It was just shattering, but of course I had to pretend that this was the surprise that I had brought my board to see.